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	Manifesto Coding	Wordscores
分野	Political Science	心理測定学
系統	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
提唱年	2001	2003
提唱者	Manifesto Research Group / Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP/MARPOR)	Michael Laver, Kenneth Benoit, John Garry
種類	Quantitative content analysis of party manifestos	Text analysis and dimension reduction
原典	Budge, I., Klingemann, H.-D., Volkens, A., Bara, J., & Tanenbaum, E. (2001). Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945–1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199244003	Laver, M., Benoit, K., & Garry, J. (2003). Extracting policy positions from political texts using words as data. American Political Science Review, 97(2), 311-331.
別名	CMP coding, MARPOR coding, Manifesto content analysis, Party manifesto coding	—
関連	4	5
概要	Manifesto coding is the quantitative content-analysis methodology of the Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP/MARPOR) for measuring parties' policy preferences from their election manifestos. Trained coders break each manifesto into quasi-sentences and assign every unit to one of a fixed set of policy categories. Counting how often each category appears yields salience measures, and combining pro- and anti- categories produces position scores such as the left–right RILE index, giving comparable estimates of party positions across more than fifty democracies since 1945.	Wordscores is a text-based scaling method developed by Laver, Benoit, and Garry (2003) that estimates the policy positions of political actors based on word frequencies in their texts. By comparing word usage in reference texts of known positions with test texts, the method infers the latent political dimension of any document without requiring manual coding or training data.