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	Manifest Content Analysis	定量的内容分析
分野	Communication	研究デザイン
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1952	1950s (Berelson 1952; Krippendorff 1980/2004)
提唱者	Bernard Berelson; codified by Klaus Krippendorff	Bernard Berelson; later systematised by Klaus Krippendorff
種類	Systematic quantitative coding of explicit message content	Quantitative observational research method
原典	Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780761915454	Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761915454
別名	Quantitative manifest coding, Surface-content analysis, Manifest-level content analysis, Berelson content analysis	QCA, manifest content analysis, systematic content analysis, frequency-based content analysis
関連	5	4
概要	Manifest content analysis is a quantitative research technique that systematically counts the explicit, surface-level features of communication messages — words, sources, themes, images, or actors that are directly visible in the text or media artifact — according to a predefined coding scheme. Rooted in Bernard Berelson's classic definition of content analysis as the 'objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication,' it is one of the foundational empirical methods of mass communication and media research.	Quantitative content analysis is a systematic, replicable method for converting the manifest content of text, images, or other recorded communication into numerical data. By applying a pre-specified codebook to a defined corpus and counting or scaling the resulting categories, researchers obtain frequency distributions, proportions, and relationships that can be subjected to standard statistical tests. It is the dominant method for large-scale, objective analysis of media, documents, social media posts, policy texts, and similar materials.