手法を比較

	Intrasite Spatial Analysis	Point Pattern Settlement Analysis
分野	考古学	考古学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1976	1976
提唱者	Ian Hodder & Clive Orton; activity-area approaches elaborated by Robert Whallon and others	Ian Hodder & Clive Orton (introducing geographical point-pattern methods to archaeology)
種類	Within-site spatial pipeline for detecting artifact clusters and activity areas	Spatial-statistical pipeline testing settlement distributions against complete spatial randomness
原典	Hodder, I., & Orton, C. (1976). Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521210805	Hodder, I., & Orton, C. (1976). Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521210805
別名	Within-Site Spatial Analysis, Activity-Area Analysis, Artifact Distribution Analysis, Intra-Site Spatial Patterning	Settlement Pattern Analysis, Nearest-Neighbour Settlement Analysis, Spatial Point Pattern Analysis, Site Distribution Analysis
関連	2	2
概要	Intrasite spatial analysis studies how artifacts and features are distributed within a single site or living floor in order to reconstruct how space was used. Where settlement-pattern analysis treats whole sites as points, intrasite analysis zooms in to the scatter of tools, debris, hearths, and structures across an excavated surface, asking whether particular artifact types cluster together, whether activities were spatially segregated, and where discrete activity areas lay. The toolkit ranges from density and kernel mapping through clustering methods such as k-means to dimensional analysis of variance, the grid-based technique designed to find the scale at which artifacts are patterned. Ian Hodder and Clive Orton's Spatial Analysis in Archaeology set out the statistical foundations, and Conolly and Lake show how GIS-based density and association methods extend them.	Point pattern settlement analysis treats archaeological sites as points in space and uses spatial statistics to test whether their distribution is clustered, dispersed, or random. The motivating question is interpretive: clustering may signal social aggregation, defense, or attraction to localized resources, while regular spacing may reflect competition for territory or central-place organization. Ian Hodder and Clive Orton's 1976 Spatial Analysis in Archaeology imported nearest-neighbour statistics, quadrat methods, and related techniques from quantitative geography, giving archaeologists tools to compare observed site spacing against the expectation under complete spatial randomness. Conolly and Lake extend this into the GIS era with second-order methods such as Ripley's K and simulation-based significance testing, making point pattern analysis a standard part of settlement studies.