手法を比較

	Implicit Theories Measure	Need to Belong Scale
分野	社会心理学	社会心理学
系統	Latent structure	Latent structure
提唱年	1995	2013
提唱者	Carol Dweck, Chi-yue Chiu & Ying-yi Hong	Mark Leary and colleagues
種類	Self-report individual-difference scale	Self-report individual-difference scale
原典	Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 267-285.	Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (2013). Construct validity of the Need to Belong Scale: Mapping the nomological network. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(6), 610-624.
別名	Mindset Measure, Entity-Incremental Theory Scale, Theories of Intelligence Scale	NTBS, Belongingness Need Scale, Need for Belonging Measure
関連	3	3
概要	The implicit theories measure, developed by Dweck, Chiu, and Hong in 1995, assesses people's lay beliefs about whether human attributes are fixed or malleable -- the distinction popularized as fixed versus growth mindset. Respondents rate agreement with a small set of statements asserting that an attribute such as intelligence or personality is essentially unchangeable (an entity theory) versus capable of development (an incremental theory). The measure locates each person on a continuum from entity to incremental beliefs and is deliberately brief and content-specific, with parallel versions for intelligence, personality, morality, and other domains. Dweck and colleagues showed that these implicit theories organize a broader meaning system: entity theorists tend to pursue performance goals, make trait attributions, and show helpless responses to failure, whereas incremental theorists pursue learning goals, attribute outcomes to effort and strategy, and show resilience. The measure became central to research and interventions on motivation, achievement, and self-regulation.	The Need to Belong Scale (NTBS) is a brief self-report instrument that measures individual differences in the strength of a person's motivation to form and maintain social bonds. Grounded in Baumeister and Leary's belongingness hypothesis -- the claim that the need to belong is a fundamental human motive -- the scale asks respondents to rate agreement with statements about wanting acceptance, fearing rejection, and needing to feel connected. Leary, Kelly, Cottrell, and Schreindorfer's 2013 validation established its construct validity across nine studies, showing that need to belong correlates with but is distinct from related constructs such as affiliation motivation and extraversion, and predicts sensitivity to social cues and reactions to exclusion. It has become a standard moderator and individual-difference measure in research on rejection, ostracism, and social motivation.