手法を比較

	HRAF クロスカルチュラル・アナリシス	同定標本数
分野	考古学	考古学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1967	1971
提唱者	George Murdock	R. E. Chaplin
種類	Ethnographic comparison	Faunal quantification method
原典	Murdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic Atlas. University of Pittsburgh Press.	Chaplin, R. E. (1971). The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press.
別名	cross-cultural comparison, comparative ethnography	NISP method, specimen count
関連	2	4
概要	HRAF (Human Relations Area Files) cross-cultural analysis compares ethnographic data from diverse societies to identify patterns and test hypotheses about human social organization and cultural practices. Developed by George Murdock and colleagues, the method uses a standardized database of ethnographic information coded for comparative analysis. HRAF provides a framework for systematic cross-cultural comparison, helping archaeologists interpret prehistoric patterns through ethnographic analogy.	Number of identified specimens (NISP) is a fundamental zooarchaeological method that quantifies the abundance of faunal remains by counting all identifiable bone fragments or specimens in an assemblage. Formalized by R. E. Chaplin and later refined by Donald Grayson and others, NISP is the most straightforward and widely used quantification metric in zooarchaeology. Despite its simplicity, NISP is sensitive to both cultural and taphonomic factors that affect preservation, fragmentation, and identification of bone assemblages.