手法を比較

	Historical-Critical Exegesis	Source Criticism (Documentary Hypothesis)
分野	Religious Studies	Religious Studies
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1975	1885
提唱者	Enlightenment biblical scholarship; methodized by Krentz, surveyed by Barton	Julius Wellhausen (classic synthesis); popularized by Richard Elliott Friedman
種類	Integrative exegetical pipeline establishing a text's original historical meaning	Document-separation pipeline reconstructing the written sources of a text
原典	Krentz, E. (1975). The Historical-Critical Method. Philadelphia: Fortress Press (Guides to Biblical Scholarship). ISBN: 9780800604608	Wellhausen, J. (1885). Prolegomena to the History of Israel (trans. J. S. Black & A. Menzies). Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black. [Cambridge Library Collection reprint]. ISBN: 9781108053822
別名	Historical-Critical Method, Grammatico-Historical Method, Biblical Criticism, Critical Exegesis	Literarkritik, Documentary Hypothesis, JEDP Analysis, Pentateuchal Source Criticism
関連	4	4
概要	Historical-critical exegesis is the dominant scholarly approach to interpreting the Bible: it reads each text in its original language, genre, and historical setting in order to recover what its author meant and what its first audience would have understood. Rather than reading scripture through later doctrine or present concerns, it asks the historical question first. The method is not one technique but an integrated family that draws on textual, source, form, and redaction criticism, applying them within a grammatico-historical reading. Edgar Krentz's compact 1975 The Historical-Critical Method describes its rise, goals, and procedures, while John Barton's 2007 The Nature of Biblical Criticism offers a philosophical defense, arguing that biblical criticism is at heart a disciplined attention to what the text means in its literary and historical context.	Source criticism (Literarkritik) seeks the written documents that lie behind a composite biblical text. Its most famous result is the Documentary Hypothesis, the claim that the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) was woven together from four originally independent sources, conventionally labeled J, E, D, and P. The hypothesis grew over the nineteenth century and received its classic synthesis from Julius Wellhausen, whose 1878 Prolegomena to the History of Israel argued that the sources reflect successive stages in the development of Israelite religion. Richard Elliott Friedman's 1987 Who Wrote the Bible? presented the theory to a wide audience with vivid arguments for who wrote each source and when. Source criticism separates the strands by criteria such as the divine name used, doublets, vocabulary, style, and theology, then reconstructs how a redactor combined them.