手法を比較

	階層的リレーショナル調査	リレーショナル調査
分野	研究デザイン	研究デザイン
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1980s–2002 (modern HLM-based survey tradition)	Mid-20th century onward (systematised ~1960s–1990s)
提唱者	Raudenbush & Bryk (multilevel framework); Hox (multilevel survey analysis)	Established in educational and social science research methodology; systematised by Fraenkel & Wallen and others
種類	Quantitative survey design with multilevel relational analysis	Quantitative non-experimental survey design
原典	Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761919049	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525748
別名	nested relational survey, multilevel relational survey, HLM-based relational survey, hierarchical correlational survey	correlational survey, associational survey, relationship survey design, relational descriptive survey
関連	4	4
概要	A hierarchical relational survey combines the correlational goals of relational survey research with a multilevel data structure in which respondents are nested within higher-level units such as classrooms, schools, hospitals, or organizations. The design acknowledges that observations within the same group are not independent, and uses hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) or equivalent multilevel techniques to examine relationships among variables both within and between levels simultaneously.	Relational survey research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that gathers structured self-report data from a sample and examines the statistical associations among two or more variables. Unlike purely descriptive surveys, which only characterise distributions, relational surveys ask whether and how strongly variables co-vary — providing evidence of relationships without manipulating conditions or establishing causation.