手法を比較

	階層的リレーショナル調査	多層レベルモデリング
分野	研究デザイン	研究統計
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1980s–2002 (modern HLM-based survey tradition)	1992
提唱者	Raudenbush & Bryk (multilevel framework); Hox (multilevel survey analysis)	Anthony Bryk and Stephen Raudenbush
種類	Quantitative survey design with multilevel relational analysis	Method
原典	Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761919049	Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. SAGE Publications.
別名	nested relational survey, multilevel relational survey, HLM-based relational survey, hierarchical correlational survey	HLM, mixed-effects models, random effects models, MLM
関連	4	3
概要	A hierarchical relational survey combines the correlational goals of relational survey research with a multilevel data structure in which respondents are nested within higher-level units such as classrooms, schools, hospitals, or organizations. The design acknowledges that observations within the same group are not independent, and uses hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) or equivalent multilevel techniques to examine relationships among variables both within and between levels simultaneously.	Multilevel modeling (also called hierarchical linear modeling, mixed-effects modeling) is a statistical framework for analyzing data organized in nested or clustered structures—students within schools, patients within hospitals, repeated measures within individuals. Developed by Bryk and Raudenbush (1992), it accounts for dependency among observations and partitions variance into levels (within-cluster and between-cluster), enabling valid inference and revealing context effects. Essential in education, medicine, organizational research, and any field where data have natural hierarchies.