手法を比較

	Grip Strength Assessment	Gait Speed Assessment
分野	Social Gerontology	Social Gerontology
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2011	2011
提唱者	Helen C. Roberts, Avan Aihie Sayer and colleagues (standardization synthesis)	Stephanie Studenski, Jack Guralnik and colleagues (pooled-cohort synthesis)
種類	Performance measure of maximal isometric muscle strength	Performance measure of usual walking speed predicting survival and function
原典	Roberts, H. C., Denison, H. J., Martin, H. J., Patel, H. P., Syddall, H., Cooper, C., & Sayer, A. A. (2011). A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach. Age and Ageing, 40(4), 423-429.	Studenski, S., Perera, S., Patel, K., Rosano, C., Faulkner, K., Inzitari, M., ... & Guralnik, J. (2011). Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA, 305(1), 50-58.
別名	Handgrip Strength, Hand Dynamometry, Maximal Isometric Grip Strength, HGS	Walking Speed Test, Usual Gait Speed, 4-Metre Walk Test, Sixth Vital Sign
関連	3	3
概要	Grip strength assessment measures the maximal isometric force a person can generate by squeezing a handheld dynamometer, providing a simple, objective marker of overall muscle strength. Although the test uses only the hand, grip strength correlates with strength elsewhere in the body and serves as a convenient proxy for total muscle function, which is why it is central to the assessment of sarcopenia and frailty. Roberts and colleagues' 2011 review in Age and Ageing synthesized how grip strength is measured across clinical and epidemiological studies and proposed a standardized approach, because variation in equipment, posture, and protocol had made results hard to compare. A standard protocol specifies a seated posture with the elbow flexed at ninety degrees, the use of a calibrated dynamometer such as the Jamar or Smedley, and recording the best of several maximal efforts. Low grip strength predicts a range of adverse outcomes — disability, longer hospital stays, slower recovery, multimorbidity, and mortality — independent of age and body size. Its speed, low cost, and strong prognostic value have made it a routine component of geriatric and population health assessment.	Gait speed assessment measures how fast a person walks over a short, fixed course at their usual pace, expressed in metres per second, and uses that single number as a remarkably powerful indicator of overall health in older adults. Often called the 'sixth vital sign,' usual walking speed integrates the function of many systems — muscles, joints, nerves, heart, lungs, and cognition — into one easily obtained measure. The decisive evidence came from Studenski and colleagues' 2011 JAMA study, which pooled individual data from nine cohorts comprising 34,485 community-dwelling older adults and showed that gait speed predicted survival across age and sex, with each 0.1 metre-per-second increment associated with better survival. Strikingly, predicted survival from age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predictions from more complex models using multiple chronic conditions and risk factors. Common interpretive thresholds — around 0.8 metres per second to flag elevated risk and roughly 1.0 metres per second or above for healthier aging — make the measure clinically actionable. Because it needs only a stopwatch and a few metres of floor, gait speed has become a cornerstone of geriatric assessment and frailty and sarcopenia criteria.