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| 全循環モデル（General Circulation Model, GCM）× | 標準化降水量指数 (Standardized Precipitation Index)× | |
|---|---|---|
| 分野 | 地球物理学 | 地球物理学 |
| 系統 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 提唱年≠ | 1975 | 1993 |
| 提唱者≠ | Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald | Thomas McKee, Neil Doesken, and John Kleist |
| 種類≠ | Deterministic coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation | Probabilistic drought indicator |
| 原典≠ | Manabe, S., & Wetherald, R. T. (1975). The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32(1), 3-15. DOI ↗ | McKee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., & Kleist, J. (1993). The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology, 179-184. link ↗ |
| 別名≠ | GCM, Global Climate Model | SPI |
| 関連 | 3 | 3 |
| 概要≠ | A General Circulation Model (GCM), also called a Global Climate Model, is a three-dimensional numerical representation of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, ice, and land surface that simulates physical processes governing weather and climate. Pioneered by Manabe and Wetherald in 1975, GCMs are the primary tools for understanding past climate, projecting future climate change, and investigating climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases and other forcings. | The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a climate index that quantifies precipitation anomalies relative to historical norms, standardized to account for differences in precipitation climatology across regions. Introduced by McKee, Doesken, and Kleist in 1993, SPI has become a primary tool for drought detection and characterization, adopted by meteorological agencies worldwide for operational drought monitoring and early warning systems. |
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