手法を比較

	フィールドノート――質的研究における観察記録	縦断調査	参与観察
分野	調査方法論	調査方法論	質的研究
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)	1940s (panel survey tradition); longitudinal designs codified mid-20th century	1922
提唱者	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.	Established tradition; formalized in social science by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues (1940s panel studies)	Bronislaw Malinowski
種類	Qualitative data collection and recording technique	Quantitative / mixed-methods survey design	Method
原典	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922292	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465026432
別名	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings	panel survey, repeated-measures survey, longitudinal panel study, wave survey	ethnographic observation, participatory observation, overt observation, immersive observation
関連	6	3	4
概要	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.	A longitudinal survey collects structured questionnaire data from the same individuals or units at two or more distinct points in time. By tracking the same respondents across waves, researchers can distinguish genuine change from stable individual differences, establish temporal ordering between variables, and model trajectories of attitudes, behaviors, or outcomes in ways that a single cross-sectional snapshot cannot support.	Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural meaning. Pioneered by Malinowski in the 1920s and developed in anthropology, the method has been adopted across sociology, education, health sciences, and organizational research. The researcher functions as both insider (participating in group activities) and outsider (maintaining analytical distance), generating thick description—rich accounts of context, behavior, and meaning that reveal how people actually live and interact.