手法を比較

	フィールドノート――質的研究における観察記録	縦断調査	非参加観察
分野	調査方法論	調査方法論	調査方法論
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)	1940s (panel survey tradition); longitudinal designs codified mid-20th century	Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys
提唱者	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.	Established tradition; formalized in social science by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues (1940s panel studies)	Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology
種類	Qualitative data collection and recording technique	Quantitative / mixed-methods survey design	Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection
原典	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922292	Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.
別名	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings	panel survey, repeated-measures survey, longitudinal panel study, wave survey	detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation
関連	6	3	5
概要	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.	A longitudinal survey collects structured questionnaire data from the same individuals or units at two or more distinct points in time. By tracking the same respondents across waves, researchers can distinguish genuine change from stable individual differences, establish temporal ordering between variables, and model trajectories of attitudes, behaviors, or outcomes in ways that a single cross-sectional snapshot cannot support.	Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement.