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	Ethnoarchaeology	Formation Process Analysis
分野	考古学	考古学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2001	1987
提唱者	Developed by many; synthesized by Nicholas David & Carol Kramer	Michael B. Schiffer (behavioral archaeology)
種類	Ethnographic analogy-building research pipeline	Inferential framework and analysis pipeline for record formation
原典	David, N., & Kramer, C. (2001). Ethnoarchaeology in Action. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521661058	Schiffer, M. B. (1987). Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN: 9780826309631
別名	Ethnographic Archaeology, Living Archaeology, Action Archaeology, Material-Culture Ethnography	Site Formation Analysis, C-transforms and N-transforms, Behavioral Archaeology Formation Theory, Archaeological Record Formation
関連	2	2
概要	Ethnoarchaeology is the ethnographic study of living societies undertaken specifically to interpret the archaeological record. Archaeologists observe how people in the present make, use, organize, and discard material culture — how potters shape and fire vessels, how households arrange space and dispose of refuse, how hunters butcher and share game — and document the relationships between those behaviors and the material residues they leave. These observed behavior-to-residue links become analogies and middle-range bridging arguments for inferring past behavior from excavated traces. Synthesized in Nicholas David and Carol Kramer's Ethnoarchaeology in Action, the approach is not the study of any one people but a deliberate use of the living world as a laboratory for the relationships between action and material patterning, complementing experimental archaeology with naturalistic, culturally embedded observation.	Formation process analysis is the framework for identifying the cultural and natural processes that transform materials from their living, systemic context into the archaeological record we excavate. Developed by Michael Schiffer within behavioral archaeology and codified in his 1987 Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record, it insists that the archaeological record is not a fossilized snapshot of past life but the cumulative product of how things were discarded, lost, reused, and disturbed (cultural or C-transforms) and how they then decayed, moved, and mixed in the ground (natural or N-transforms). Because every deposit has been filtered and rearranged by these processes, sound inference about past behavior requires first reconstructing the formation history of the record and correcting for it. Formation process analysis is therefore foundational to interpretation, linking excavation, geoarchaeology, and taphonomy.