手法を比較

	Environmental Kuznets Curve Estimation	Ecological Footprint Analysis
分野	Environmental Sociology	Environmental Sociology
系統	Regression model	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1995	1996
提唱者	Gene M. Grossman & Alan B. Krueger	Mathis Wackernagel & William E. Rees
種類	Reduced-form polynomial panel regression of pollution on income	Bioproductive-area accounting pipeline for human demand versus biocapacity
原典	Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic Growth and the Environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.	Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. E. (1996). Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. New Society Publishers. ISBN: 9780865713123
別名	EKC Estimation, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Income-Pollution Inverted-U Model, Grossman-Krueger Curve	Ecological Footprint Accounting, Footprint-Biocapacity Accounting, Wackernagel-Rees Footprint, EF Analysis
関連	4	4
概要	Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) estimation tests the hypothesis that environmental degradation first rises and then falls as a country grows richer, tracing an inverted-U relationship between per-capita income and pollution. The empirical pattern was popularized by Gene Grossman and Alan Krueger's 1995 study of how air and water quality vary with income across countries, which found that several pollutants worsen at low income but improve beyond a turning point. Methodologically, the EKC is estimated as a reduced-form regression of an environmental indicator on a polynomial, usually quadratic, in income, with the signs of the linear and squared terms determining whether the inverted-U holds and the coefficients pinning down the income level at which degradation peaks. The framework is named by analogy to Simon Kuznets's hypothesized inverted-U between income and inequality. David Stern's 2004 critical review documented how fragile many early EKC results were once proper panel econometrics, unit roots, and specification issues were taken seriously. EKC estimation remains a central, much-contested tool in environmental economics and sociology for studying the growth-environment relationship.	Ecological footprint analysis measures human demand on nature by translating the resources a population consumes and the wastes it generates into the area of biologically productive land and sea required to supply them. Introduced by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees in their 1996 book Our Ecological Footprint, the method expresses both demand (the footprint) and supply (biocapacity) in a common unit, the global hectare, so that the two can be compared directly. When a population's footprint exceeds the biocapacity available to it, the difference is an ecological deficit, and at the planetary scale a persistent deficit signals overshoot of the biosphere's regenerative capacity. The 2002 analysis by Wackernagel and colleagues operationalized this accounting at the global level, estimating that humanity moved from using about 70 percent of the biosphere's capacity in 1961 to roughly 120 percent by the late 1990s. The carbon component, the area of forest needed to sequester fossil-fuel emissions, is typically the largest and fastest-growing share. Footprint analysis is thus a sustainability accounting tool that renders an abstract idea, living within ecological limits, into a single comparable balance sheet.