手法を比較

	Encounter Norm Analysis	Recreation Specialization Continuum
分野	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2007	1977
提唱者	Jerry J. Vaske, Bo Shelby, Alan R. Graefe & Thomas A. Heberlein; Robert E. Manning	Hobson Bryan; David Scott & C. Scott Shafer
種類	Field-survey normative pipeline for recreation encounter standards	Developmental continuum framework for recreationist progression
原典	Vaske, J. J., Shelby, B., Graefe, A. R., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Backcountry Encounter Norms: Theory, Method and Empirical Evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18(3), 137-153.	Bryan, H. (1977). Leisure value systems and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(3), 174-187.
別名	Normative Approach to Recreation, Encounter Norm Curves, Social Norm Analysis (Recreation), Norm-Prevalence Analysis	Recreation Specialization, Recreational Specialization Continuum, Specialization Framework
関連	4	3
概要	Encounter norm analysis is the normative-survey pipeline used to set standards for visitor impacts in parks and protected areas. Building on Vaske, Shelby, Graefe, and Heberlein's 1986 formalization of backcountry encounter norms, it asks recreationists to evaluate the acceptability of a range of conditions — most classically the number of other groups encountered per day, but also people at one time, campsite sharing, or depicted impact levels — and aggregates those evaluations into a social norm curve. The curve locates the minimum acceptable condition where acceptability crosses from positive to negative, supplying a defensible numeric standard. The method also quantifies the structural properties of norms: their intensity (how strongly conditions are evaluated), prevalence (whether respondents hold a norm at all), and crystallization (the degree of agreement), the last now commonly indexed by the Potential for Conflict Index (PCI2). Robert Manning's synthesis in Parks and Carrying Capacity made this normative approach the empirical core of indicators-and-standards frameworks.	Recreation specialization is a framework for describing how participants in an outdoor activity progress from general, casual involvement toward focused, specialized engagement, and for placing them along that continuum. Hobson Bryan introduced the construct in his 1977 study of trout fishermen, defining specialization as a continuum of behavior from the general to the particular, reflected in the equipment people use, the skills they develop, and their setting preferences and activity-related commitment. The idea quickly became one of the most-used frameworks in outdoor recreation research because it predicts that more specialized participants differ systematically from novices in attitudes, resource dependence, and management preferences. David Scott and C. Scott Shafer's 2001 critical review tightened the construct, arguing that specialization is fundamentally a developmental process spanning behavior, skill and commitment, and warning against reducing it to a single composite index. The continuum gives managers and researchers a way to segment a heterogeneous user population and anticipate how attitudes shift as involvement deepens.