手法を比較

	Encounter Norm Analysis	Crowding Norm Curve Analysis
分野	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2007	2008
提唱者	Jerry J. Vaske, Bo Shelby, Alan R. Graefe & Thomas A. Heberlein; Robert E. Manning	Bo Shelby & Thomas A. Heberlein; Jerry J. Vaske & Lisa B. Shelby
種類	Field-survey normative pipeline for recreation encounter standards	Field-survey pipeline for perceived crowding and density norms
原典	Vaske, J. J., Shelby, B., Graefe, A. R., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Backcountry Encounter Norms: Theory, Method and Empirical Evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18(3), 137-153.	Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Carrying Capacity in Recreation Settings. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. ISBN: 9780870714269
別名	Normative Approach to Recreation, Encounter Norm Curves, Social Norm Analysis (Recreation), Norm-Prevalence Analysis	Perceived Crowding Analysis, Single-Item Crowding Measure, Crowding Norm Analysis, Density-Crowding Norm Assessment
関連	4	4
概要	Encounter norm analysis is the normative-survey pipeline used to set standards for visitor impacts in parks and protected areas. Building on Vaske, Shelby, Graefe, and Heberlein's 1986 formalization of backcountry encounter norms, it asks recreationists to evaluate the acceptability of a range of conditions — most classically the number of other groups encountered per day, but also people at one time, campsite sharing, or depicted impact levels — and aggregates those evaluations into a social norm curve. The curve locates the minimum acceptable condition where acceptability crosses from positive to negative, supplying a defensible numeric standard. The method also quantifies the structural properties of norms: their intensity (how strongly conditions are evaluated), prevalence (whether respondents hold a norm at all), and crystallization (the degree of agreement), the last now commonly indexed by the Potential for Conflict Index (PCI2). Robert Manning's synthesis in Parks and Carrying Capacity made this normative approach the empirical core of indicators-and-standards frameworks.	Crowding norm curve analysis is a field-survey pipeline for measuring how crowded recreationists feel and for translating their evaluations of density into management standards. Its measurement backbone is the standard single-item 9-point crowding question introduced in Shelby and Heberlein's 1986 book Carrying Capacity in Recreation Settings, on which visitors rate how crowded a setting felt from 'not at all crowded' (1-2) to 'extremely crowded' (8-9). Perceived crowding is a normative evaluation, not a raw density: it is the negative judgment people make about the number of people or encounters they experienced. Vaske and Shelby's 2008 synthesis of thirty years and more than 180 studies showed that this single item behaves consistently, that respondents scoring 3 or higher are conventionally classified as feeling crowded, and that several ways of summarizing the scale correlate above .90. Paired with acceptability evaluations of different densities, the method yields social norm curves that locate the use level at which conditions become unacceptable — a basis for capacity standards.