手法を比較

	横断的サーベイ調査研究	縦断調査研究
分野	研究デザイン	研究デザイン
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1930s–1950s (formalized with large-scale opinion and health surveys)	Mid-20th century (formalized ~1950s–1970s)
提唱者	Established through the social survey tradition (Bowley, Gallup, and others in the early-to-mid 20th century)	Survey methodology tradition; codified in social sciences by scholars including W.S. Robinson (1950) and later Scott Menard
種類	Quantitative non-experimental design	Quantitative observational research design
原典	Fowler, F. J. (2009). Survey Research Methods (4th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1412958929	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922452
別名	cross-sectional survey, single-occasion survey, prevalence survey design, snapshot survey	longitudinal survey study, repeated-measures survey, prospective survey design, panel survey
関連	4	5
概要	Cross-sectional survey research administers a structured questionnaire or interview to a representative sample of a population at one point in time. It is the workhorse design for estimating prevalence, describing group characteristics, and mapping associations among variables across a wide range of disciplines — from public health and education to marketing and political science.	Longitudinal survey research collects structured questionnaire data from the same individuals (or units) at two or more points in time. Unlike a one-shot cross-sectional survey, this design captures change, stability, and temporal ordering of variables — enabling researchers to track trajectories, test causal sequences, and distinguish cohort effects from aging effects within a quantitative framework.