手法を比較

	反実仮想による影響評価（CIE）	合成コントロール法（SCM）
分野	因果推論	因果推論
系統	Regression model	Regression model
提唱年	1970s–2000s	2003–2010
提唱者	Heckman, Imbens, Rubin, and the program evaluation literature	Alberto Abadie & Javier Gardeazabal (2003); Abadie, Diamond & Hainmueller (2010)
種類	Causal inference / program evaluation	Quasi-experimental causal inference
原典	Heckman, J. J., & Vytlacil, E. J. (2007). Econometric evaluation of social programs, Part I: Causal models, structural models and econometric policy evaluation. Handbook of Econometrics, 6B, 4779-4874.	Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2010). Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of California's Tobacco Control Program. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 105(490), 493-505.
別名	CIE, counterfactual evaluation, counterfactual policy evaluation, impact evaluation	SCM, synthetic control, synth estimator, Abadie-Diamond-Hainmueller method
関連	5	4
概要	Counterfactual Impact Evaluation is a family of causal methods that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing what actually happened to participants with what would have happened had the intervention not taken place. Formalised in the Rubin Causal Model and extended by Heckman, Imbens and others, CIE underlies most modern program and policy evaluation practice.	The Synthetic Control Method estimates the causal effect of a treatment or policy on a single treated unit by constructing a weighted combination of untreated units — the synthetic control — that closely resembles the treated unit before the intervention. The gap between the treated unit and its synthetic counterpart after the intervention is the estimated treatment effect.