手法を比較

	多群断面的比較横断研究デザイン	縦断研究
分野	研究デザイン	研究デザイン
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Mid-20th century (widely formalized from 1950s onward)	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century
提唱者	Epidemiological tradition; formalized in observational study typologies	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett
種類	Observational quantitative design	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design
原典	Kelsey, J. L., Whittemore, A. S., Evans, A. S., & Thompson, W. D. (1996). Methods in Observational Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195083507	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841
別名	comparative cross-sectional survey, cross-sectional comparative study, multi-group cross-sectional design, cross-sectional group comparison	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study
関連	3	4
概要	Comparative cross-sectional research is a quantitative observational design that measures and compares characteristics, attitudes, or outcomes across two or more pre-defined groups at a single point in time. By building the comparison into the sampling frame rather than treating it as a secondary analysis step, the design yields group-level contrasts without requiring follow-up measurement, making it efficient for describing between-group differences in prevalence, mean levels, or associations.	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.