手法を比較

	戦闘曝露尺度（CES）	道徳的傷害イベント尺度（MIES）
分野	軍事心理学	軍事心理学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1989	2013
提唱者	Keane, Fairbank, Caddell, Zimering, Taylor, & Mora	Nash, Marino Carper, Mills, Au, Goldsmith, & Litz
種類	Self-report	Self-report
原典	Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., Zimering, R. T., Taylor, K. L., & Mora, C. A. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment, 1(1), 53-55.	Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T. A., Goldsmith, A. A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(3), 249-263.
別名	CES, Keane Combat Exposure Scale	MIES
関連	4	4
概要	The CES is a 7-item self-report measure of combat exposure developed by Keane and colleagues in 1989. It quantifies the frequency and intensity of combat experiences, including direct fire, causalities witnessed, and hazardous mission environments. It is widely used in veteran research and clinical screening to characterize trauma load and risk for PTSD.	The MIES is a 9-item self-report measure assessing exposure to morally injurious events in military personnel. Developed by Nash and colleagues in 2013, it captures three dimensions: perpetration (committing acts that violate personal values), betrayal (witnessing leaders/unit members violate moral standards), and observed moral violations. The MIES measures moral injury burden distinct from PTSD and is increasingly used in veteran mental health screening and treatment.