手法を比較

	ベイジアン第III相臨床試験	ランダム化比較試験 (RCT)
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1990s–2000s (widespread application)	1948 (first rigorously conducted RCT — MRC streptomycin trial)
提唱者	Donald A. Berry; David J. Spiegelhalter (formalization in clinical context)	Austin Bradford Hill; MRC Streptomycin Trial team
種類	Confirmatory randomized controlled trial with Bayesian inference	Interventional experimental study
原典	Spiegelhalter, D. J., Abrams, K. R., & Myles, J. P. (2004). Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health-Care Evaluation. Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471499756	Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., DeMets, D. L., Reboussin, D. M., & Granger, C. B. (2015). Fundamentals of Clinical Trials (5th ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-3319185385
別名	Bayesian confirmatory trial, Bayesian RCT Phase III, Bayesian pivotal trial, BayesCT	RCT, randomized controlled trial, randomised controlled trial, clinical randomized trial
関連	5	6
概要	A Bayesian Phase III clinical trial is a large-scale, confirmatory randomized controlled trial that uses Bayesian statistical inference rather than conventional frequentist hypothesis testing to evaluate whether an experimental treatment meets pre-defined efficacy and safety thresholds. By combining prior evidence with accumulating trial data, it quantifies the probability that the treatment effect exceeds a clinically meaningful threshold, enabling more transparent decision-making under uncertainty.	A randomized clinical trial (RCT) is an experimental study design in which participants are randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group, then followed prospectively to compare outcomes. Random allocation is the defining feature: it distributes known and unknown confounders across groups by chance, making the RCT the strongest individual study design for establishing causal efficacy of a treatment or intervention under controlled conditions.