手法を比較

	欠損値を含むベイズ推論	欠損値を有するベイズ階層モデル
分野	ベイズ	ベイズ
系統	Bayesian methods	Bayesian methods
提唱年	1976–1987	1990s–2000s
提唱者	Rubin, D. B. (missing-data mechanisms); Tanner & Wong (data augmentation)	Gelman, Rubin, Little (and collaborators)
種類	Bayesian probabilistic model	Bayesian hierarchical model with missing-data integration
原典	Little, R. J. A. & Rubin, D. B. (2002). Statistical Analysis with Missing Data (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience. ISBN: 978-0471183860	Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A. & Rubin, D. B. (2013). Bayesian Data Analysis (3rd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN: 978-1439840955
別名	Bayesian missing data analysis, Bayesian data augmentation, Bayesian imputation, missing data Bayesian model	BHM missing data, multilevel Bayesian missing data model, hierarchical Bayesian imputation, Bayesian multilevel model with incomplete data
関連	6	5
概要	Bayesian inference with missing data treats unobserved values as unknown parameters and integrates them out of the posterior distribution. Rather than deleting or ad hoc imputing incomplete records, the method jointly models observed and missing data under an explicit missing-data mechanism, producing fully calibrated posterior uncertainty that honestly reflects what the data cannot tell us.	A Bayesian hierarchical model with missing data treats unobserved values as additional unknowns and samples them jointly with all model parameters from the posterior. The nested structure of the hierarchy borrows strength across groups, while the Bayesian framework naturally propagates uncertainty from missingness through every estimate and prediction.