手法を比較

	適応型症例対照研究	適応的無作為化比較試験
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Base design 1977; adaptive extensions from 1990s onward	Late 1990s–2000s (widespread adoption post-2010)
提唱者	Nested case-control: D. C. Thomas (1977); adaptive design framework: Peter Bauer & Klaus Kohne (1994)	Donald Berry and colleagues; formalized by FDA guidance in 2010 and 2019
種類	Observational epidemiological study with adaptive design elements	Experimental clinical trial design
原典	Thomas, D. C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: Appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491.	Berry, D. A. (2006). Bayesian clinical trials. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 5(1), 27–36.
別名	adaptive NCC, adaptive nested case-referent study, dynamic nested case-control, sequential nested case-control	adaptive RCT, adaptive trial design, response-adaptive randomization trial, adaptive clinical trial
関連	6	6
概要	An adaptive nested case-control study embeds a case-control comparison within a defined cohort and incorporates pre-specified interim decision rules that allow modifications — such as control-to-case ratio adjustment or biomarker sub-sampling revision — based on accumulating data, without compromising the study's validity or inflating type I error. The design combines the efficiency of the nested case-control framework with the flexibility of adaptive methodology to optimise resource use when exposure assessment is costly.	An adaptive randomized clinical trial (adaptive RCT) is a prospective experimental study that uses pre-specified rules to modify one or more trial aspects — such as sample size, allocation ratios, or treatment arms — based on accumulating data collected during the trial itself, while maintaining statistical validity and integrity of the study.