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	Modello IRT logistico a due parametri (2PL)	Analisi Fattoriale Confermatoria	Affidabilità inter-rater (kappa di Cohen e ICC)
Campo	Psicometria	Psicometria	Psicometria
Famiglia	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure
Anno di origine	1980	1969	1960 (kappa); 1979 (ICC)
Ideatore	Frederic M. Lord	Karl Jöreskog	Cohen (kappa, 1960); Shrout & Fleiss (ICC, 1979)
Tipo	Item response model / latent trait model	Measurement model / latent variable analysis	Reliability / agreement analysis
Fonte seminale	Lord, F. M. (1980). Applications of Item Response Theory to Practical Testing Problems. Erlbaum.	Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462515363	Cohen, J. (1960). A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46.
Alias	two-parameter logistic model, 2PL model, 2PL IRT — İki Parametreli Madde Tepki Modeli	Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi — Ölçek Doğrulama (CFA), confirmatory factor analysis, measurement model testing	inter-rater reliability, interrater agreement, rater agreement, Değerlendiriciler Arası Güvenilirlik (Cohen's κ, ICC)
Correlati	6	6	6
Sintesi	The two-parameter logistic item response model, formalised by Frederic Lord (1980), describes the probability that a respondent answers a binary test item correctly as a smooth S-shaped function of the respondent's latent ability. By estimating a separate discrimination parameter for each item alongside a difficulty parameter, 2PL allows items to differ in how sharply they distinguish high- from low-ability respondents — making it the standard model for large-scale educational and psychological assessments.	Confirmatory factor analysis is a measurement modelling technique that tests whether a hypothesised factor structure — typically derived from theory or an earlier exploratory analysis — fits observed data from a new sample. Developed by Karl Jöreskog in 1969, it became the dominant tool for validating psychological scales because it requires the researcher to specify in advance which items belong to which latent factor and then assesses the adequacy of that specification against explicit statistical fit criteria.	Interrater reliability quantifies the degree to which two or more independent raters produce consistent scores when evaluating the same individuals or products. The family encompasses Cohen's kappa, introduced in 1960 for categorical judgments, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for continuous ratings, together spanning most measurement scenarios encountered in behavioral, health, and educational research.