Confronta i metodi

	Codifica Turbo con Decodifica Iterativa	Codici a parità di controllo a bassa densità (LDPC)	Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
Campo	Telecomunicazioni	Telecomunicazioni	Telecomunicazioni
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1993	1962	1995
Ideatore	Claude Berrou, Alain Glavieux, and Punya Thitimajshima	Robert Gallager	Telatar, Foschini, and Gans
Tipo	iterative error-correcting code	linear error-correcting code	spatial multiplexing technique
Fonte seminale	Berrou, C., Glavieux, A., & Thitimajshima, P. (1993). Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 1064-1070.	Gallager, R. G. (1962). Low-density parity-check codes. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, 8(1), 21-28.	Telatar, I. (1999). Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels. European Transactions on Telecommunications, 10(6), 585-595.
Alias	iterative decoding, concatenated codes	sparse codes, belief propagation codes	spatial multiplexing, antenna diversity
Correlati	5	5	5
Sintesi	Turbo codes, introduced by Berrou, Glavieux, and Thitimajshima in 1993, are a landmark in channel coding history. They achieve performance within 0.5 dB of the Shannon limit—the theoretical boundary for reliable communication—a feat previously thought impossible with practical complexity. Turbo codes use concatenated convolutional codes with an interleaver and iterative decoding via belief propagation. They were adopted in 3G (UMTS) and remain important in 4G/5G systems alongside LDPC codes.	LDPC codes, invented by Robert Gallager in 1962 and rediscovered in the 1990s by MacKay, are linear error-correcting codes defined by sparse parity-check matrices. They achieve performance within 0.4 dB of the Shannon limit with iterative belief-propagation decoding and have become the standard for modern wireless (WiFi-6, 5G NR, Digital Video Broadcasting). Unlike turbo codes, LDPC codes have a more elegant graph-theoretic structure and more mature theoretical analysis.	MIMO is a technique that uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to significantly increase channel capacity and reliability. Pioneered theoretically by Telatar (1999) and Foschini & Gans (1998), MIMO exploits multipath propagation—typically a liability in wireless—as an asset by creating independent spatial channels. It is now fundamental to all modern wireless systems including LTE, WiFi-6, and 5G, where it provides both capacity gains through spatial multiplexing and robustness through diversity.