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	Tempo-Adjusted Fertility	Bongaarts Proximate Determinants
Campo	Demografia	Demografia
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1998	1978
Ideatore	John Bongaarts & Griffith Feeney	John Bongaarts
Tipo	Tempo-and-quantum adjustment of the period total fertility rate	Multiplicative decomposition of fertility into behavioural and biological factors
Fonte seminale	Bongaarts, J., & Feeney, G. (1998). On the quantum and tempo of fertility. Population and Development Review, 24(2), 271–291.	Bongaarts, J. (1978). A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. Population and Development Review, 4(1), 105–132.
Alias	Bongaarts-Feeney adjustment, Tempo-adjusted TFR, Quantum-tempo decomposition of fertility, Tempo Düzeltmeli Doğurganlık	Proximate determinants framework, Bongaarts fertility-inhibiting indices, Cm Cc Ca Ci model, Yakın Belirleyiciler Çerçevesi
Correlati	4	4
Sintesi	Tempo-adjusted fertility is the Bongaarts-Feeney correction of the period total fertility rate that removes the distortion introduced when the timing of childbearing changes. When women collectively postpone (or advance) births, the conventional period total fertility rate is artificially depressed (or inflated) even if the number of children women ultimately have is unchanged; the adjustment inflates each birth-order-specific rate by a factor based on the changing mean age at childbearing to recover an undistorted measure of fertility quantum.	The Bongaarts framework of the proximate determinants of fertility decomposes a population's fertility into a biological maximum reduced by a small set of directly fertility-inhibiting factors: the proportion of women in sexual unions, contraceptive use, induced abortion, and postpartum infecundability. By expressing observed fertility as total fecundity multiplied by four indices between zero and one, it quantifies how much each behavioural and biological channel suppresses fertility below its potential ceiling.