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	Questionario sull'Ambiente di Gruppo (GEQ)	Scala di Motivazione Sportiva (SMS)
Campo	Psicologia dello sport	Psicologia dello sport
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1985	1995
Ideatore	Albert Carron, W. Neil Widmeyer, Lawrence Brawley	Luc Pelletier, Marc Fortier, Robert Vallerand
Tipo	Self-report team/group cohesion questionnaire	Self-report sport motivation questionnaire
Fonte seminale	Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesiveness in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(3), 244–266.	Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., Brière, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35–53.
Alias	GEQ, Team Cohesion, Group Cohesion	SMS, SMS-6
Correlati	4	4
Sintesi	The GEQ is an 18-item instrument measuring team cohesion—the degree to which team members feel attracted to the group and perceive the group as unified around shared task and social goals. Developed by Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley in 1985, the GEQ has become the gold standard for measuring cohesion in sport teams and is used to predict team performance, member satisfaction, and team retention.	The SMS is a 24–28 item questionnaire measuring the motivational reasons athletes engage in sport, organized along the continuum of Self-Determination Theory: from intrinsic motivation (inherent enjoyment, mastery, excitement) through extrinsic forms (identified goals, introjected norms, external rewards) to amotivation (lack of intent). Developed by Pelletier and colleagues in 1995, the SMS has become the leading instrument for assessing sport motivation quality and predicting athlete engagement, retention, and psychological wellbeing.