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	Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS)	Questionario sulla Tenacia Mentale (MTQ48)
Campo	Psicologia dello sport	Psicologia dello sport
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1990	2002
Ideatore	Ronald Smith, Frank Smoll, Robert Schutz	Peter Clough, Keith Earle, David Sewell
Tipo	Self-report sport-specific trait anxiety questionnaire	Self-report mental toughness and resilience questionnaire
Fonte seminale	Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Schutz, R. W. (1990). Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scale. Anxiety Research, 2(4), 263–280.	Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: A definition and measured construct. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 169–187.
Alias	SAS, SAS-2, Sport-Specific Anxiety	MTQ48, Mental Toughness, 4Cs
Correlati	4	4
Sintesi	The SAS is a 15–21 item questionnaire measuring trait (dispositional) sport-specific anxiety—the tendency to experience worry and physiological arousal in sport-competitive contexts. Developed by Smith, Smoll, and Schutz in 1990, the SAS is the primary instrument for assessing individual differences in sport anxiety proneness and for predicting anxiety management needs across diverse athletic populations.	The MTQ48 is a 48-item instrument measuring mental toughness—the capacity to perform well under pressure, persist through adversity, maintain emotional control, and sustain commitment toward goals. Developed by Clough, Earle, and Sewell in 2002, the MTQ48 operationalizes mental toughness across four dimensions (the '4Cs': Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence) and has become widely adopted in sport psychology, talent development, and organizational psychology for identifying and developing psychological resilience.