Confronta i metodi

	Variabili Strumentali Spaziali (Spatial IV / Spatial 2SLS)	Stima Spazialmente Doppiamente Robusta
Campo	Inferenza causale	Inferenza causale
Famiglia	Regression model	Regression model
Anno di origine	1988-1998	2010s–2020s
Ideatore	Kelejian & Prucha (generalized spatial 2SLS); Anselin (spatial econometrics framework)	Extension of Robins, Rotnitzky & Zhao (1994) doubly robust framework to spatial settings; developed in spatial epidemiology and econometrics literature
Tipo	Quasi-experimental causal inference with spatial dependence	Semiparametric causal estimator
Fonte seminale	Kelejian, H. H., & Prucha, I. R. (1998). A Generalized Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares Procedure for Estimating a Spatial Autoregressive Model with Autoregressive Disturbances. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 17(1), 99-121.	Papadogeorgou, G., Mealli, F., & Zigler, C. M. (2019). Causal inference with interfering units for cluster and population level treatment allocation programs. Biometrics, 75(3), 778-787.
Alias	Spatial IV, Spatial 2SLS, Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares, S-IV	Spatial DR, Spatial AIPW, Spatial augmented IPW, Doubly robust spatial causal estimation
Correlati	6	5
Sintesi	Spatial Instrumental Variables (Spatial IV) is a causal inference method for settings where units — regions, firms, neighborhoods — are spatially interdependent, creating endogeneity that standard IV approaches ignore. It constructs instruments from the spatially lagged values of exogenous characteristics of neighboring units, then applies two-stage least squares to recover unbiased causal estimates in the presence of both endogenous regressors and spatial autocorrelation.	Spatial doubly robust estimation is a semiparametric causal inference method that combines propensity score weighting with outcome regression modeling — providing protection against misspecification of either component — while explicitly accounting for spatial autocorrelation among units. It extends the classical augmented inverse probability weighting (AIPW) estimator to settings where treatment assignment and outcomes are geographically clustered or spatially dependent.