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	Social Provisions Scale (SPS)	Scala della Solitudine De Jong Gierveld (DJGLS)	Questionario sulla Qualità dell'Amicizia (FQQ)
Campo	Psicologia sociale	Psicologia sociale	Psicologia sociale
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1987	1985	1993
Ideatore	Carolyn Cutrona and Daniel Russell	Jenny De Jong Gierveld and Fons Kamphuis	Jeffrey Parker and Steven Asher (developmental version); expanded by Bukowski and others
Tipo	Self-report social support assessment	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report friendship assessment
Fonte seminale	Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in Personal Relationships, 1, 37-67.	De Jong Gierveld, J., & Kamphuis, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(4), 289-299.	Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 611-621.
Alias	SPS, Cutrona & Russell Social Provisions Scale, SPS-10	DJGLS, De Jong-Gierveld Scale, 11-item Loneliness Scale	FQQ, Friendship Quality Index, Friendship Assessment Scale
Correlati	2	3	3
Sintesi	The Social Provisions Scale is a widely used multidimensional instrument for measuring the degree to which individuals perceive their social relationships as providing essential emotional and practical support. Developed by Carolyn Cutrona and Daniel Russell in 1987, the SPS operationalizes the theory that healthy social support requires six provisions: attachment (emotional closeness), social integration (sense of belonging), reassurance of worth (feeling valued), reliable alliance (practical assistance), guidance (advice and direction), and opportunity for nurturance (ability to care for others). The SPS is used extensively in health psychology, gerontology, and stress and coping research.	The De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale is one of the most extensively used brief instruments for measuring loneliness in population surveys, clinical research, and gerontological studies. Developed by Jenny De Jong Gierveld and Fons Kamphuis in 1985, the 11-item scale (with a shorter 6-item version available) measures emotional and social dimensions of loneliness, based on the theory that loneliness arises from a discrepancy between desired and actual social relationships. The DJGLS is valued for its brevity, ease of administration, strong psychometric properties, and widespread availability in 30+ languages.	The Friendship Quality Questionnaire is a self-report instrument designed to assess the quality and characteristics of friendships in children, adolescents, and adults. Developed by Jeffrey Parker and Steven Asher in 1993 and expanded by Bukowski and colleagues, the FQQ measures dimensions of friendship quality including companionship (spending time together), conflict, help and guidance, intimate disclosure, closeness, loyalty, and conflict resolution. The FQQ is widely used in developmental psychology, peer relationship research, and clinical assessment of social functioning across the lifespan.