Confronta i metodi

	Auto-attenzione multi-testa	Fine-Tuning di BERT	Fine-Tuning di GPT	LoRA e PEFT
Campo	Apprendimento profondo	Apprendimento profondo	Apprendimento profondo	Apprendimento profondo
Famiglia	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning
Anno di origine	2017	2019	2019	2022
Ideatore	Vaswani, A. et al.	Devlin, J. et al.	Radford, A. et al. (OpenAI)	Hu, E. J. et al.; Lester, B. et al.
Tipo	Attention mechanism (Transformer core)	Transfer learning (fine-tuning a pre-trained transformer)	Fine-tuning of pretrained autoregressive language models	Parameter-efficient fine-tuning of large pretrained models
Fonte seminale	Vaswani, A. et al. (2017). Attention Is All You Need. NeurIPS.	Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K. & Toutanova, K. (2019). BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. NAACL.	Radford, A., Wu, J., Child, R., Luan, D., Amodei, D. & Sutskever, I. (2019). Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners. OpenAI Technical Report.	Hu, E. J. et al. (2022). LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models. ICLR.
Alias	Öz-Dikkat ve Çok Başlı Dikkat (Multi-Head Self-Attention), öz-dikkat, multi-head attention, scaled dot-product attention	BERT İnce Ayar (Fine-Tuning), BERT ince ayar, fine-tuning BERT, transfer learning with BERT	GPT İnce Ayar ve Talimat Uyarlaması, GPT fine-tuning, instruction tuning, LLM fine-tuning	LoRA ve PEFT — Parametre Verimli İnce Ayar, Low-Rank Adaptation, parameter-efficient fine-tuning, prefix tuning
Correlati	5	5	5	5
Sintesi	Multi-head self-attention, introduced by Vaswani and colleagues in 2017, is the mechanism that lets every position in a sequence compute its relationship to all other positions in parallel. It is the core of the Transformer architecture and the foundation underneath BERT, GPT, and T5.	BERT fine-tuning, building on the BERT model introduced by Devlin and colleagues in 2019, re-trains a pre-trained BERT model on a small labelled dataset for a target task such as classification, named-entity recognition, or question answering. Through transfer learning it reaches high performance even with relatively little task-specific data.	GPT fine-tuning adapts pretrained autoregressive language models such as GPT-2/3/4 or LLaMA — introduced in OpenAI's 2019 work by Radford and colleagues — to domain-specific data or to instruction following via reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) or DPO. It is used for instruction following, domain adaptation, and generative tasks.	LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation), introduced by Hu et al. in 2022, and the broader family of parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods adapt large pretrained language models to new tasks by training only a small number of extra parameters instead of every weight in the model. This makes fine-tuning possible with far less GPU memory and compute while leaving the original model largely untouched.