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	Kriging Robusto	Krigaggio Universale (Krigaggio con Tendenza)
Campo	Analisi spaziale	Analisi spaziale
Famiglia	Regression model	Regression model
Anno di origine	1980	1969
Ideatore	Noel Cressie & Douglas M. Hawkins	Georges Matheron
Tipo	Robust geostatistical interpolation	Geostatistical interpolation with spatial trend
Fonte seminale	Cressie, N., & Hawkins, D. M. (1980). Robust estimation of the variogram: I. Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, 12(2), 115–125.	Matheron, G. (1963). Principles of geostatistics. Economic Geology, 58(8), 1246–1266.
Alias	robust spatial kriging, outlier-resistant kriging, resistant kriging, robust geostatistical interpolation	kriging with a trend, kriging with drift, trend kriging, evrensel kriging
Correlati	4	3
Sintesi	Robust Kriging is a geostatistical interpolation method that extends classical kriging by replacing sensitive variogram estimation with outlier-resistant alternatives, most notably the Cressie-Hawkins robust estimator. It produces spatially interpolated predictions that are not distorted by anomalous or extreme observations in the data.	Universal kriging generalizes ordinary kriging to data whose mean varies systematically across space — a spatial trend or 'drift'. It models the mean as a function of the coordinates (or covariates) and krigs the residuals, so it can interpolate variables that drift in a preferred direction, such as temperature falling with latitude or a pollutant gradient, while still returning prediction variances.