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	Process Tracing	Modellazione Esplorativa delle Equazioni Strutturali
Campo	Psicometria	Psicometria
Famiglia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Anno di origine	2005	2009
Ideatore	Alexander George, Andrew Bennett	Tihomir Asparouhov, Bengt Muthén
Tipo	Qualitative causal inference	Hybrid exploratory-confirmatory factor modeling
Fonte seminale	Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (Eds.). (2015). Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge University Press.	Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16(3), 397-438.
Alias	—	ESEM
Correlati	5	5
Sintesi	Process Tracing is a qualitative research method developed by George and Bennett (2005) for studying causal mechanisms and causal chains within individual cases. It involves examining the sequence of events and decision-making processes within a case to infer whether a hypothesized causal mechanism actually operated. Process tracing aims to strengthen causal inference in case studies by looking beyond correlation to understand how causes produce effects.	Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) is a hybrid approach that combines exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path modeling, developed by Asparouhov and Muthén (2009). ESEM relaxes restrictive zero-loading assumptions of traditional CFA, allowing all indicators to load on all factors, which can reveal cross-factor complexity and improve model fit while retaining the ability to test substantive structural theories.