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	Equazione di Penman-Monteith	Modelli di crescita delle colture (DSSAT/APSIM)	Curva di ritenzione idrica del suolo
Campo	Agronomia	Agronomia	Agronomia
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1948-1965	1993-2003	1956-1980
Ideatore	Howard Latimer Penman, John Monteith	James W. Jones, Gerbrand T. Hoogenboom (DSSAT); Brian A. Keating, Peter S. Carberry (APSIM)	Willard Robert Gardner, Rollin H. Brooks, Arthur T. Corey
Tipo	Mechanistic evapotranspiration model	Mechanistic crop simulation pipeline	Empirical soil water retention model
Fonte seminale	Penman, H. L. (1948). Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 193(1032), 120-145.	Jones, J. W., Hoogenboom, G., Porter, C. H., et al. (2003). The DSSAT cropping system model. European Journal of Agronomy, 18(3-4), 235-265.	Gardner, W. R. (1956). Representation of soil aggregate-size distribution by a logarithmic-normal distribution. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 20(2), 151-153.
Alias	PM Equation, FAO-56 PM, Evapotranspiration Model	DSSAT, APSIM, Crop Simulation Model	Water Retention Curve, pF Curve, Characteristic Curve, SWRC
Correlati	3	3	3
Sintesi	The Penman-Monteith equation is a mechanistic model for estimating evapotranspiration (ET), the combined loss of water from soil and plant canopies to the atmosphere. First proposed by Penman (1948) for bare soil and water surfaces, then extended by Monteith (1965) to incorporate plant resistance to water vapor diffusion, it has become the international standard for water balance studies, crop water requirement calculation, and hydrological modeling.	Crop growth models are mechanistic simulation systems designed to predict crop development, biomass accumulation, and yield under varying environmental and management conditions. DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) and APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator) are the most widely used platforms, developed in the 1990s-2000s to support agronomic decision-making and climate adaptation research.	The soil moisture curve (or soil water retention curve, SWRC) describes the relationship between soil water content and soil matric potential (water tension). It characterizes how tightly water is bound in pores of different sizes: large pores drain at low tensions (wet soils), while smaller pores retain water at high tensions (dry soils). Quantifying this relationship is essential for water balance modeling, unsaturated flow prediction, and assessing plant-available water.