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	Growth Accounting	Solow Residual	Törnqvist Index	Total Factor Productivity
Campo	Economia	Economia	Economia	Economia
Famiglia	Regression model	Regression model	Process / pipeline	Regression model
Anno di origine	1957	1957	1936	1957
Ideatore	Robert Solow; Dale Jorgenson & Zvi Griliches	Robert Solow	Leo Törnqvist; superlative theory by W. Erwin Diewert	Robert Solow; Caves, Christensen & Diewert
Tipo	Production-function-based decomposition of output growth	Residual measure of total factor productivity growth	Superlative index number for aggregating prices or quantities	Productivity measurement via index numbers and production functions
Fonte seminale	Solow, R. M. (1957). Technical change and the aggregate production function. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 39(3), 312–320.	Solow, R. M. (1957). Technical change and the aggregate production function. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 39(3), 312–320.	Diewert, W. E. (1976). Exact and superlative index numbers. Journal of Econometrics, 4(2), 115–145.	Solow, R. M. (1957). Technical change and the aggregate production function. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 39(3), 312–320.
Alias	Sources of Growth Analysis, Solow Growth Accounting, Production Function Decomposition, Total Factor Productivity Accounting	TFP Residual, Measure of Our Ignorance, Technical Change Residual, Multifactor Productivity Residual	Tornqvist Index, Tornqvist-Theil Index, Translog Index, Tornqvist Price Index	TFP, Multifactor Productivity, MFP, Joint Factor Productivity
Correlati	3	3	3	4
Sintesi	Growth accounting is a production-function-based framework that decomposes the growth rate of aggregate output into the contributions of growth in measured inputs — typically capital and labour — and a residual that captures the growth in total factor productivity (TFP). Building on Robert Solow's 1957 derivation and refined by Dale Jorgenson and Zvi Griliches in 1967, it weights each input's growth rate by its share of national income and attributes whatever output growth is left unexplained to improvements in productivity, technology, and efficiency.	The Solow residual is the portion of output growth that is not explained by the growth of measured inputs — capital and labour — after each input's growth is weighted by its share of national income. Introduced by Robert Solow in 1957, it is the empirical counterpart of total factor productivity (TFP) growth and is computed by subtraction rather than measured directly. Because it captures everything that raises output without raising measured inputs, it has been famously described as a 'measure of our ignorance': it labels what we cannot otherwise account for, lumping together genuine technical change, efficiency gains, and pure measurement error.	The Törnqvist index is a superlative index number used to aggregate many individual prices or quantities into a single measure of overall price change or quantity change between two periods. It is a weighted geometric mean of the individual price (or quantity) relatives, where each item's weight is the average of its value shares in the two periods. Because it is 'exact' for the flexible translog aggregator function, it is the standard tool for constructing productivity indices and is widely used in national accounts, productivity statistics, and price measurement.	Total factor productivity (TFP), also called multifactor productivity, measures how much output an economic unit produces from a given bundle of all its inputs taken together — capital, labour, and often intermediate materials. It is the efficiency with which inputs are jointly transformed into output, and it captures everything that raises output without raising measured inputs: technology, organization, and the reallocation of resources. TFP is measured in two broad ways: the index-number approach, which forms the ratio of an aggregate output index to an aggregate input index using economically justified (superlative) weights, and the econometric production-function approach, which estimates the technology and recovers productivity as an unobserved term.