Confronta i metodi

	General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12)	Scala per la Depressione del Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D)	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Campo	Psicologia clinica	Psicologia clinica	Psicologia clinica
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1992	1977	1983
Ideatore	David P. Goldberg	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith
Tipo	Psychiatric symptom screening	Community-based depression assessment	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations
Fonte seminale	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.
Alias	GHQ-12, GHQ	CES-D, CESD	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D
Correlati	5	5	4
Sintesi	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.