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	Expectations Regarding Aging Survey	Zarit Burden Interview
Campo	Social Gerontology	Social Gerontology
Famiglia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Anno di origine	2002	1980
Ideatore	Catherine A. Sarkisian and colleagues (UCLA)	Steven H. Zarit, Karen E. Reever, Julie Bach-Peterson
Tipo	Self-report scale of expectations regarding aging	Self-report caregiver burden scale
Fonte seminale	Sarkisian, C. A., Hays, R. D., Berry, S., & Mangione, C. M. (2002). Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA-38) Survey. The Gerontologist, 42(4), 534-542.	Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., & Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the Impaired Elderly: Correlates of Feelings of Burden. The Gerontologist, 20(6), 649-655.
Alias	ERA-38, ERA-12, Expectations Regarding Aging, Age Expectations Survey	ZBI, Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview, Caregiver Burden Inventory (Zarit), Zarit Burden Scale
Correlati	3	3
Sintesi	The Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA) Survey measures the degree to which an individual expects physical, mental, and cognitive functioning to decline as a normal and unavoidable part of growing older. Developed by Catherine Sarkisian and colleagues at UCLA, the original 38-item version (ERA-38, 2002) and the widely used 12-item short form (ERA-12, 2005) capture 'age expectations' — a self-perception-of-aging construct that predicts health behaviors and outcomes. Items are answered on a Likert scale and scored into three domain scores (expectations regarding physical health, mental health, and cognitive function) plus a total, conventionally rescaled to 0–100 where higher scores indicate higher (more positive) expectations. Low expectations — believing that decline is inevitable — are associated with less physical activity, lower help-seeking, and worse outcomes, making the ERA a key tool for studying how beliefs about aging shape behavior.	The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) is the most widely used self-report measure of caregiver burden — the physical, emotional, social, and financial strain experienced by people who care for an impaired older relative, most often someone with dementia. Originating in Steven Zarit, Karen Reever, and Julie Bach-Peterson's 1980 study of relatives of impaired elderly, the instrument asks caregivers to rate how often they feel a series of burdens, such as feeling that caregiving harms their health, social life, or finances, or that they could do a better job. The standard version has 22 items rated 0 (never) to 4 (nearly always), summing to a 0–88 total in which higher scores mean greater burden. Short forms (12-item) and a 4-item screen exist for quick assessment. The ZBI is a cornerstone of family-gerontology and dementia-care research and a routine outcome in caregiver-support interventions.