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| Disegno Solomon a Quattro Gruppi con Crossover× | Disegno Sperimentale Pretest-Posttest× | |
|---|---|---|
| Campo | Disegno sperimentale | Disegno sperimentale |
| Famiglia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Anno di origine≠ | 1949 (base design); crossover adaptation developed through later methodological literature | 1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley) |
| Ideatore≠ | Richard L. Solomon (base design); crossover extension via repeated-measures methodology | Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley |
| Tipo≠ | Experimental design (pretest-sensitization control + within-subjects crossover) | Experimental / quasi-experimental research design |
| Fonte seminale≠ | Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150. DOI ↗ | Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally. link ↗ |
| Alias≠ | crossover S4G design, within-subjects Solomon design, repeated-measures Solomon four-group design | pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design |
| Correlati | 5 | 5 |
| Sintesi≠ | The Crossover Solomon Four-Group Design merges two powerful experimental strategies: the Solomon four-group design's control for pretest sensitization and the crossover design's within-subjects efficiency. Participants are randomly assigned to one of four groups that vary in whether they receive a pretest and in the sequence of treatment and control conditions, allowing the researcher to simultaneously estimate treatment effects, pretest effects, and their interaction while controlling for individual differences through repeated measurement. | The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences. |
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