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	Scala per la Depressione del Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D)	Scala di Valutazione dell'Ansia di Hamilton (HAM-A)	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Campo	Psicologia clinica	Psicologia clinica	Psicologia clinica
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1977	1959	1983
Ideatore	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Max Hamilton	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith
Tipo	Community-based depression assessment	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations
Fonte seminale	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.
Alias	CES-D, CESD	HAM-A, HARS	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D
Correlati	5	5	4
Sintesi	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.