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	Modello Gerarchico Bayesiano	Sistema Bonus-Malus	Modello di Distribuzione delle Perdite
Campo	Bayesiano	Scienze attuariali	Scienze attuariali
Famiglia	Bayesian methods	Regression model	Regression model
Anno di origine	2006	1995	2012
Ideatore	Gelman & Hill (2006); Bayesian multilevel tradition	Jean Lemaire	Klugman, Panjer & Willmot
Tipo	hierarchical probabilistic model	Actuarial experience-rating model	Parametric probability model
Fonte seminale	Gelman, A. & Hill, J. (2006). Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Cambridge University Press.	Lemaire, J. (1995). Bonus-Malus Systems in Automobile Insurance. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN: 978-0-7923-9545-5	Klugman, S. A., Panjer, H. H., & Willmot, G. E. (2012). Loss Models: From Data to Decisions (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1-118-31532-3
Alias	multilevel Bayes, Bayesian multilevel model, Bayesian HLM, partial pooling model	No-Claim Discount System, Merit Rating System, Experience Rating in Automobile Insurance, Prim-Ceza Sistemi	Severity-Frequency Model, Aggregate Loss Model, Claim Size Distribution Model, Hasar Dağılımı Modeli
Correlati	4	2	3
Sintesi	Bayesian hierarchical modelling, popularised by Gelman and Hill (2006), is a Bayesian approach to nested data structures — such as students within schools within districts — that estimates separate parameters at each level while allowing those levels to share statistical strength through a mechanism called partial pooling. Where a classical hierarchical linear model treats group means as fixed unknown quantities, the Bayesian version places hyperprior distributions on those group means so that information flows freely across levels, producing more reliable group-level estimates whenever any individual group has few observations.	A Bonus-Malus System (BMS) is an actuarial experience-rating mechanism used primarily in automobile insurance to adjust individual policyholders' premiums based on their personal claim history. Policyholders who remain claim-free receive premium discounts (bonus), while those who file claims are penalised with surcharges (malus). The framework was comprehensively formalised and analysed by Jean Lemaire in his landmark 1995 monograph, which remains the definitive reference for the design and evaluation of such systems worldwide.	A Loss Distribution Model is a parametric statistical framework used in actuarial science to characterise the probabilistic behaviour of insurance claim amounts and frequencies. Developed comprehensively by Klugman, Panjer, and Willmot in their foundational text Loss Models: From Data to Decisions (first edition 1998, fourth edition 2012), these models underpin premium rating, reserving, reinsurance pricing, and regulatory capital calculations across the insurance and risk-management industries.