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| Analisi della Covarianza (ANCOVA)× | Analisi Multivariata della Varianza (MANOVA)× | Test t per campioni appaiati× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Campo | Statistica | Statistica | Statistica |
| Famiglia | Hypothesis test | Hypothesis test | Hypothesis test |
| Anno di origine≠ | 1932 | 1932 | 1908 |
| Ideatore≠ | Ronald A. Fisher | Samuel Stanley Wilks (Wilks' Lambda, 1932); Roy, Hotelling, Pillai (mid-20th c.) | Student (W. S. Gosset) |
| Tipo≠ | Parametric group comparison with covariate control | Parametric multivariate mean comparison | Parametric mean comparison (paired) |
| Fonte seminale≠ | Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. ISBN: 978-0205849574 | Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. ISBN: 978-0205849574 | Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). SAGE. ISBN: 978-1446249185 |
| Alias≠ | analysis of covariance, covariance analysis, ANCOVA (Kovaryans Analizi) | Multivariate ANOVA, Çok Değişkenli ANOVA (MANOVA) | dependent samples t-test, repeated measures t-test, matched-pairs t-test, eşleştirilmiş örneklem t-testi |
| Correlati≠ | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| Sintesi≠ | ANCOVA is a parametric hypothesis test that compares the adjusted means of two or more independent groups while statistically controlling for one or more continuous covariates. By removing the portion of outcome variance explained by the covariate, ANCOVA increases statistical precision and produces fairer group comparisons. The method builds on the general linear model framework consolidated by Fisher in the early 1930s and is described comprehensively by Tabachnick and Fidell (2013). | MANOVA is a parametric hypothesis test that simultaneously compares group means across multiple continuous dependent variables, controlling the inflation of Type I error that would result from running separate ANOVAs. Key multivariate test statistics — Wilks' Lambda, Pillai's Trace, Hotelling-Lawley Trace, and Roy's Greatest Root — were developed between the 1930s and 1950s, with Wilks' Lambda formalised by Samuel Stanley Wilks in 1932. | The paired samples t-test is a parametric hypothesis test that compares two measurements taken on the same subjects — such as a before and after reading — to decide whether the average change differs from zero. It rests on the t-distribution introduced by Student (W. S. Gosset) in 1908 and works on the within-subject difference scores rather than the raw measurements. |
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