विधियों की तुलना करें

	पृष्ठ प्लास्मोन अनुनाद	परिपथी विवर्णता (Circular Dichroism)	ऊष्माशोषी अनुमापन कैलोरीमिति
क्षेत्र	स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपी	स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपी	स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपी
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1971	1969	1989
प्रवर्तक	Erich Kretschmann	Jean-Claude Fasman	Terrence Wiseman
प्रकार	Optical technique	Spectroscopic method	Biophysical technique
मौलिक स्रोत	Kretschmann, E. (1971). Determination of optical constants of metals by excitation of surface plasmons. Zeitschrift für Physik, 241(4), 313-324.	Greenfield, N. J., & Fasman, G. D. (1969). Computed circular dichroism spectra for protein secondary structures. Biochemistry, 8(10), 4108-4116.	Wiseman, T., Williston, S., Brandts, J. F., & Lin, L. N. (1989). Rapid measurement of binding constants and heats of binding using a new titration calorimeter. Analytical Biochemistry, 179(1), 131-137.
उपनाम	SPR, surface plasmon, SPR biosensing	CD spectroscopy, circular dichroism, CD analysis	ITC, isothermal calorimetry, microcalorimetry
संबंधित	3	3	3
सारांश	Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a real-time, label-free technique for detecting and monitoring biomolecular interactions at a sensor surface by measuring changes in the refractive index caused by ligand binding. Developed by Kretschmann in 1971 and applied to biosensing by Liedberg, Nylander, and Lundström in 1983, SPR is now a gold standard for measuring binding kinetics (association and dissociation rates) and equilibrium binding constants in protein interactions, antibody-antigen recognition, and drug discovery.	Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measures the differential absorption of left- and right-circularly polarized light by optically active molecules, particularly proteins and nucleic acids. Introduced by Greenfield and Fasman in 1969, CD is a rapid, non-destructive technique for characterizing secondary structure (alpha-helix, beta-sheet), monitoring protein folding transitions, and assessing conformational changes in response to pH, temperature, or ligand binding.	Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) is a thermodynamic technique that measures heat released or absorbed during biomolecular binding events at constant temperature. Developed by Wiseman and colleagues in 1989, ITC directly determines binding affinity (Kd), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) in a single experiment, making it one of the most comprehensive methods for characterizing molecular interactions without requiring labels or immobilization.