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	सांख्यिकीय शक्ति और नमूना आकार	प्रभाव आकार (Effect Size)
क्षेत्र	अनुसंधान सांख्यिकी	अनुसंधान सांख्यिकी
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1988	1988
प्रवर्तक	Jacob Cohen	Jacob Cohen
प्रकार	Concept	Concept
मौलिक स्रोत	Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0-8058-0283-5	Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0-8058-0283-5
उपनाम	power analysis, sample size calculation, 1 minus beta, sensitivity	ES, Cohen's d, standardized effect, practical significance
संबंधित	4	4
सारांश	Statistical power is the probability of detecting a true effect if it exists (1 − β). Power analysis determines the sample size required to detect a hypothesized effect size with specified Type I error (α) and Type II error (β) rates. Introduced by Jacob Cohen (1988), power analysis is foundational to research design: underpowered studies produce inflated effect size estimates and are unlikely to replicate. The standard benchmark is 80% power (β = 0.20), though critical studies may require 90% power.	Effect size quantifies the magnitude of a research finding independent of sample size. While a p-value tells you whether a result is statistically significant, an effect size tells you how big the result is. Jacob Cohen formalized effect size measurement in behavioral sciences (1988), establishing standard benchmarks (small = 0.2, medium = 0.5, large = 0.8 for Cohen's d). Effect sizes are essential for meta-analysis, power analysis, and communicating the practical importance of research findings.