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	स्थानिक व्युत्क्रम संभाव्यता भारण (स्थानिक IPW)	Doubly Robust Estimation
क्षेत्र	कारणात्मक अनुमान	कारणात्मक अनुमान
परिवार	Regression model	Regression model
उद्भव वर्ष	2010s	2005
प्रवर्तक	Extension of Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983) IPW to spatial settings; formal treatment by Papadogeorgou et al. (2019)	Robins & Rotnitzky; Bang & Robins
प्रकार	Quasi-experimental / causal inference	Semiparametric causal estimator
मौलिक स्रोत	Hirano, K., Imbens, G. W., & Ridder, G. (2003). Efficient Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Using the Estimated Propensity Score. Econometrica, 71(4), 1161-1189.	Robins, J. M. & Rotnitzky, A. (1995). Semiparametric Efficiency in Multivariate Regression Models with Missing Data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(429), 122-129.
उपनाम	Spatial IPW, Geographic IPW, Spatially-weighted IPW, SIPW	AIPW, augmented inverse probability weighting, doubly robust estimator, Çift Gürbüz Kestirici (Augmented IPW / AIPW)
संबंधित	6	5
सारांश	Spatial Inverse Probability Weighting extends the classical IPW estimator to settings where units are geo-referenced and spatial location is a confounding dimension. By incorporating geographic coordinates or spatial proximity into the propensity score model, it reweights the observed sample so that treatment and control groups are balanced not only on measured covariates but also on spatial structure, enabling credible causal inference from spatially indexed observational data.	Doubly Robust Estimation, also called Augmented Inverse Probability Weighting (AIPW), is a semiparametric method for estimating causal treatment effects that combines an outcome regression model with a propensity (treatment) model. Developed in the work of Robins & Rotnitzky (1995) and Bang & Robins (2005), it stays consistent as long as at least one of the two models is correctly specified.