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	मजबूत मार्जिनल स्ट्रक्चरल मॉडल	Doubly Robust Estimation
क्षेत्र	कारणात्मक अनुमान	कारणात्मक अनुमान
परिवार	Regression model	Regression model
उद्भव वर्ष	2000–2004	2005
प्रवर्तक	Robins, Hernán & Brumback; robustness extensions by Scharfstein, Rotnitzky, Lunceford & Davidian	Robins & Rotnitzky; Bang & Robins
प्रकार	Causal inference / weighted regression	Semiparametric causal estimator
मौलिक स्रोत	Robins, J. M., Hernán, M. A., & Brumback, B. (2000). Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology, 11(5), 550-560.	Robins, J. M. & Rotnitzky, A. (1995). Semiparametric Efficiency in Multivariate Regression Models with Missing Data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(429), 122-129.
उपनाम	robust MSM, doubly-robust MSM, sandwich-SE MSM, robust IPTW marginal structural model	AIPW, augmented inverse probability weighting, doubly robust estimator, Çift Gürbüz Kestirici (Augmented IPW / AIPW)
संबंधित	6	5
सारांश	Robust Marginal Structural Models (robust MSMs) extend the standard MSM framework — which uses inverse probability of treatment weighting to handle time-varying confounding — by pairing IPTW estimation with sandwich (robust) standard errors or doubly-robust estimators. This combination yields valid causal estimates and reliable inference even when the outcome regression model is mildly misspecified or weights are moderately variable.	Doubly Robust Estimation, also called Augmented Inverse Probability Weighting (AIPW), is a semiparametric method for estimating causal treatment effects that combines an outcome regression model with a propensity (treatment) model. Developed in the work of Robins & Rotnitzky (1995) and Bang & Robins (2005), it stays consistent as long as at least one of the two models is correctly specified.