विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| प्रैग्मैटिक प्रीटेस्ट-पोस्टटेस्ट प्रायोगिक डिज़ाइन× | प्राकृतिक प्रयोग× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | प्रयोगात्मक अभिकल्प | प्रयोगात्मक अभिकल्प |
| परिवार | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1963 (pre-post design); 1967 (pragmatic distinction) | 1990s (formal methodological articulation); earlier in epidemiology (John Snow, 1854) |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); Campbell & Stanley (pre-post design) | Varied; systematized in econometrics and political science (e.g., Meyer 1995; Angrist & Krueger 1991) |
| प्रकार≠ | Experimental / quasi-experimental design | Quasi-experimental research design |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637-648. DOI ↗ | Meyer, B. D. (1995). Natural and quasi-experiments in economics. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 13(2), 151–161. DOI ↗ |
| उपनाम | pragmatic pre-post design, real-world pretest-posttest study, effectiveness pre-post design, pragmatic before-after study | natural quasi-experiment, naturally occurring experiment, exogenous shock design, as-if randomization |
| संबंधित≠ | 5 | 3 |
| सारांश≠ | A pragmatic pretest-posttest experimental design combines the before-after measurement structure of the classic pre-post design with the real-world, high-external-validity ethos of pragmatic research. Participants are assessed on relevant outcomes before an intervention is delivered in routine or naturalistic conditions, then re-assessed afterward. The goal is to estimate the effectiveness of the intervention as it actually works in practice rather than under ideal, tightly controlled efficacy conditions. | A natural experiment exploits a real-world event, policy, or circumstance that assigns individuals to treatment and control conditions in a way that is plausibly random — or at least exogenous to the outcome of interest. Because the researcher does not control assignment, it occupies a middle ground between a true randomized controlled trial and purely observational research, offering stronger causal leverage than conventional observational designs when the as-if randomization assumption holds. |
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