विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| पैनल-आधारित कार्य-कारण तुलनात्मक अनुसंधान× | अंतर-में-अंतर (डिफ-इन-डिफ)× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र≠ | अनुसंधान अभिकल्प | अर्थमिति |
| परिवार≠ | Process / pipeline | Regression model |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1950s–1980s (formalized across educational and social science methodology literature) | 1994 |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Building on causal-comparative tradition (John W. Best, 1959) extended to panel data structures in social and educational research | Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment) |
| प्रकार≠ | Quantitative observational research design | Causal inference / panel regression |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2019). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-1260087840 | Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355 |
| उपनाम≠ | panel causal-comparative design, longitudinal ex post facto research, panel ex post facto study, repeated-measures causal-comparative study | diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff) |
| संबंधित | 5 | 5 |
| सारांश≠ | Panel-based causal-comparative research is a quantitative observational design that tracks the same sample of participants or units across multiple time points and then compares pre-existing groups to identify differences in outcomes. By combining the temporal depth of a panel structure with the group-contrast logic of causal-comparative (ex post facto) methodology, it allows researchers to examine how naturally occurring conditions — such as treatment exposure, policy changes, or demographic characteristics — relate to outcomes over time, without experimental random assignment. | Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes. |
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