विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| क्रमिक मद विश्लेषण× | विभेदक आइटम कार्यप्रणाली (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | मनोमिति | मनोमिति |
| परिवार | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1950s–1980s | 1970s–1993 |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Classical test theory tradition (Guilford, Nunnally, and others) | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| प्रकार≠ | Item-level diagnostic | Item-level bias detection |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0070474659 | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| उपनाम | item analysis for ordinal data, polytomous item analysis, Likert item analysis, OIA | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| संबंधित≠ | 6 | 5 |
| सारांश≠ | Ordinal item analysis evaluates each individual item in a rating-scale or Likert-type instrument using descriptive and correlational statistics suited to ordered categorical response formats. It guides item selection and refinement by flagging items with problematic difficulty, poor discrimination, or low corrected item-total correlations before reliability and validity studies proceed. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
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