विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| नेट्नोग्राफी× | सहभागी क्रिया अनुसंधान (PAR)× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | गुणात्मक | गुणात्मक |
| परिवार | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1997 (coined); 2010 (first comprehensive methodology book) | 1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Robert V. Kozinets | Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte |
| प्रकार | Qualitative research method | Qualitative research method |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875907 | Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer. link ↗ |
| उपनाम | online ethnography, virtual ethnography, cyber-ethnography, digital ethnography | PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry |
| संबंधित | 6 | 6 |
| सारांश≠ | Netnography is a qualitative research method that adapts the principles of cultural ethnography to the study of online communities and social media environments. Coined by Robert Kozinets in 1997 and systematised in his 2010 handbook, netnography treats digital spaces — forums, social networks, blogs, review sites — as naturally occurring field sites where communities gather, share meanings, and construct identities. The method combines unobtrusive observation of digital traces with active participation and, where appropriate, direct member interaction. | Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow. |
| ScholarGateडेटासेट ↗ |
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