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	बहु-स्तरीय भारित नमूनाकरण	क्लस्टर सैंपलिंग (Cluster Sampling)
क्षेत्र	सर्वेक्षण पद्धति	सर्वेक्षण पद्धति
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1960s–1980s (developed alongside large-scale survey programs)	Early-to-mid 20th century; canonical treatment 1953/1977
प्रवर्तक	Leslie Kish (probability sampling theory); complex survey methodologists	Formalized by William G. Cochran; roots in early 20th-century U.S. Census Bureau survey practice
प्रकार	Probability sampling design	Probability sampling design
मौलिक स्रोत	Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling. John Wiley & Sons. New York. ISBN: 978-0471109495	Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471162407
उपनाम	hierarchical weighted sampling, nested weighted sampling, multilevel probability weighting, weighted hierarchical sampling	cluster random sampling, area sampling, one-stage cluster sampling
संबंधित	6	5
सारांश	Multi-level weighted sampling is a probability-based survey design that draws samples from hierarchically nested populations — such as students within classrooms within schools within districts — and assigns design weights at each level to account for unequal selection probabilities. The resulting weighted data enable unbiased population-level inference despite the complex, non-proportional structure of the sampling frame. It is the backbone of major international assessments such as PISA and TIMSS.	Cluster sampling is a probability sampling technique in which the population is divided into naturally occurring groups (clusters), a random sample of clusters is selected, and all — or a random subset of — members within each selected cluster are studied. It is especially practical when a complete population list is unavailable or when units are geographically dispersed, making individual random selection prohibitively expensive. One-stage cluster sampling surveys every member of selected clusters; two-stage designs add a second random draw within clusters.